Russell's Viper

The Russell's Viper is arguably the most dangerous snake in India, responsible for the highest number of snakebite fatalities annually. Named after Scottish herpetologist Patrick Russell, this heavy-bodied viper is identified by its distinctive chain of dark brown oval spots bordered by black and white rings running along its body.

Unlike kraits, Russell's Vipers are aggressive when disturbed and can strike with incredible speed. Their hemotoxic venom causes severe tissue damage, internal bleeding, kidney failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Victims often experience extreme pain, swelling, and bleeding from gums and other orifices.

This species produces a characteristic loud hissing sound when threatened, which serves as a warning. They are prolific breeders, giving birth to 20-40 live young per litter. Russell's Vipers are found throughout India except at very high altitudes, making them a significant public health concern in rural and agricultural areas.